Ukwehlukanisa Phakathi Kwemifantu Ekhangayo, Imifantu Yokwelapha Ukushisa, Nemifantu Eluhlaza
Ekwenziweni kwensimbi, ukuhlonza uhlobo nomsuka wokuqhekeka kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kubalulekile ekuxilongeni izinkinga enqubweni yokukhiqiza nokuqinisekisa ubuqotho bomkhiqizo wokugcina. Imifantu ingavela ezigabeni ezehlukene, okuhlanganisa ukubumba, ukwelashwa kokushisa, kanye nokukhubazeka kwempahla eluhlaza.
Indlela yokubona le mifantu ibaluleke kakhulu njengoba isiza ukuthola ngqo lapho ukuqhekeka kwenzeka khona, futhi kuyasiza ukuhlaziya imbangela yokuqhekeka. Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukunquma imiqondo "yemifantu yezinto ezingavuthiwe" kanye "nemifantu yokubumba," futhi imifantu evela ngemuva kokubumba kufanele iqondwe ngokuthi "imifantu eyakhayo," kodwa izici eziyinhloko eziholela ekufakeni imifantu zingahlukaniswa ngokuqhubekayo. ku:
Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa imifantu emithathu futhi sichaza ngokuningiliziwe izici zayo, izimbangela kanye nendlela yokuzibona. Funda kabanzi ngezansi:
- Forging Cracks
Ukufohla imifantu kuwukukhubazeka okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubumba, okubandakanya ukubumba insimbi kusetshenziswa amandla acindezelayo. Le mifantu ibeka engcupheni ubuqotho nokusebenza kwezingxenye ezifojiwe, okwenza ukuhlonzwa kwazo kanye nokuvimbela kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinto zokwakha.
Izici:
Ukubukeka: Imifantu yokudala ngokuvamile ibonakala njengokushiyeka okude, okuwumugqa. Zingase ziqonde noma zigobe kancane, kuye ngokuthi isiqondiso samandla asetshenzisiwe kanye nemvelo yokugeleza kwezinto ezibonakalayo.
Indawo: Le mifantu ivamise ukutholakala phezulu noma eduze nendawo yezingxenye ezakhiwe. Zingase futhi zibe khona emingceleni yokusanhlamvu noma eduze kwemigqa yokugeleza kwezinto.
Umumo: Imifantu yokudala imvamisa iqondaniswe nesiqondiso semigqa yokugeleza yokubumba, ebonisa iphethini yokuguga yensimbi phakathi nenqubo yokufoja.
Izimbangela Zokwenza Imifantu:
Ukushisa ngokweqile: Amazinga okushisa amaningi ngesikhathi sokubumba angenza izinto zibe buthaka, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwemifantu. Ukushisa ngokweqile kungabangela ukukhula okusanhlamvu futhi kunciphise i-ductility yezinto, kukwenze kube lula ukuqhekeka ngaphansi kwengcindezi.
Ukupholisa Okungafanele: Amazinga okupholisa asheshayo noma angalingani angethula izingcindezi ezishisayo, ezingabangela imifantu ukuba yakheke. Ukupholisa okungafanele nakho kungaholela ekucindezelekeni okuyinsalela okungase kubonakale njengokuqhekeka phakathi nokucubungula noma isevisi elandelayo.
Ukuncishiswa Okunganele Kokubumba: Ukuguqulwa okunganele ngesikhathi sokubumba kungashiya amaphutha avele akhona ngaphambili, njenge-porosity noma i-inclusions, evalwe ngokungaphelele, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwemifantu. Ukuncishiswa kwefogi okwanele kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho nokufana kwezinto ezibonakalayo.
I-Strain Harding: Ukuguqulwa okweqile ngaphandle kokufakwa kahle okuphakathi nendawo kungaholela ekusebenzeni nzima, kwenze okokusebenza kube bushelelezi futhi kuthambekele ekuqhekekeni. Ukuqina kwengcindezi kukhulisa ukuminyana kokugudluka, okungasebenza njengesigxilisi sokucindezeleka futhi kuqalise ukuqhekeka.
Ukuhlonza Imifantu Yokwakha:
I-Microscopy: Ukuhlolwa kwe-Microstructural kusetshenziswa i-optical microscopy noma i-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) kungaveza amaphethini okuguga kanye nokugxila kwengcindezi okuhlobene nokuqhekeka kokudala. Lokhu kuhlaziya kusiza ekuboneni umsuka nokusabalala kwemifantu.
Ukuhlola Okungabhubhisi (NDT): Amaqhinga afana nokuhlola ukungena kodayi (i-DPI), ukuhlolwa kwezinhlayiyana kazibuthe (MPI), nokuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic (UT) kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthola imifantu engaphezulu naseduze kwendawo. Lezi zindlela zinikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nosayizi wokuqhekeka, indawo, kanye nesimo.
I-Fractography: Ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwezindawo zokuphuka kusetshenziswa i-SEM kungaveza izici ezibonisa imifantu ekhambile, njengamaphethini omfula, imigqa, kanye nokuhlangana kwe-microvoid. I-Fractography isiza ekuqondeni ukuqaliswa kokuqhekeka nezindlela zokusabalalisa.
Ukuvimbela Ukwenza Imifantu:
I-Controlled Forging Temperature: Ukugcina izinga lokushisa elifanele lokufoja kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukushisa ngokweqile kanye nokuqhekeka okulandelayo. Izinga lokushisa lokubumba kufanele lilawulwe ngokucophelela ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kwezinto kanye nezakhiwo ezifiswayo.
Izindlela Zokupholisa Ezifanelekile: Ukusebenzisa amazinga okupholisa alawulwayo kanye nezinqubo zokupholisa ezifanayo kunganciphisa izingcindezi ezishisayo futhi kunciphise ingozi yokuqhekeka. Amasu anjengokupholisa izinyathelo noma ukusebenzisa imidiya yokupholisa enezici ezifanele zokushisa angasebenza.
Ukuncishiswa Okwanele Kwe-Forging: Ukuqinisekisa ukuguquguquka okwanele ngesikhathi sokubumba kusiza ukuvala amaphutha akhona ngaphambili futhi kuzuzwe i-microstructure efanayo. Ukuncishiswa okwanele kokubumba kuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini kanye nokumelana nokuqhekeka.
Ukunamathisela Okumaphakathi: Ukwenza i-annealing emaphakathi phakathi nezinqubo zokufoja ezizigaba eziningi kungakhulula ukuqina komsebenzi futhi kubuyisele ukudumba kokubalulekile. I-Annealing isiza ukunciphisa ukuminyana kokugudluzwa futhi ivimbele ukonakala okukhulu.
- Imifantu Yokwelapha Ukushisa
Imifantu yokwelapha ukushisa yiziphambeko ezakha ezintweni ngesikhathi noma ngemva kwezinqubo zokwelashwa kokushisa. Le mifantu ibeka engcupheni ubuqotho besakhiwo nokusebenza kwezingxenye, okwenza ukutholwa nokuvimbela kwazo kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinto zokwakha.
Izici:
Ukubukeka: Imifantu yokwelapha ukushisa ngokuvamile ibukhali futhi ingabonisa kokubili izici ze-intergranular kanye ne-transgranular. Zivame ukubonakala njengemifantu emihle, yezinwele kodwa zingasakazeka ngokushesha ngaphansi kwengcindezi.
Indawo: Le mifantu ingenzeka kuyo yonke ingxenye, ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezinokucindezeleka okukhulu, izinguquko zesigaba ezingalindelekile, noma izindawo ezinamazinga okupholisa angalingani.
Umumo: Ukuma kokuqhekeka kokwelashwa kokushisa ngokuvamile akwenzeki, kuthonywe ukucindezelwa kokushisa okubangelwa phakathi nemijikelezo yokushisisa nokupholisa.
Izimbangela Zemifantu Yokwelapha Ukushisa:
I-Thermal Shock: Ukupholisa okusheshayo, okufana nokucisha, kwethula ama-gradient ashisayo aphezulu kanye nokucindezeleka, okuholela ekuqhekekeni. Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa okunamandla kubangela ukuthi izingxenye ezihlukene zezinto zifinyeleliswe ngamanani ahlukene, okudala ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi.
Ukuguqulwa Kwesigaba: Ezinye izinsimbi ziba nezinguquko zesigaba phakathi nokwelashwa kokushisa (isb, i-austenite ukuya ku-martensite ngensimbi), okubandakanya ukushintsha kwevolumu. Lezi zinguquko zingadala ukucindezeleka okukhulu uma zingalawulwa kahle.
Izingcindezi Ezisele: Izingcindezi ezikhona ngaphambilini ezivela ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza zangaphambilini, njengokusebenza ngomshini, ukubumba, noma ukushisela, kungaba nomthelela ekuqhekekeni ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kokushisa.
Izinto Ezibalulekile: Ukwehluka kokwakheka kwezinto, usayizi wokusanhlamvu, kanye nokuba khona kokungcola noma okuhlanganisiwe kungaba nomthelela ekululameni kokuqhekeka phakathi nokwelashwa kokushisa.
Ukuhlonza Imifantu Yokwelapha Ukushisa:
I-Fractography: Ukuhlola indawo yokuphuka kusetshenziswa i-electron microscopy (SEM) yokuskena noma amanye amasu kungaveza izici zesici sokuqhekeka kokwelashwa kokushisa, njengamaphethini okuphuka okuphukayo kanye nokusakazeka kwe-intergranular noma i-transgranular.
Ukuhlola Ukuqina: Izilinganiso zokuqina kuyo yonke ingxenye zingabonisa ukuhluka kwe-microstructure namazinga okupholisa, avame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuqhekeka kokwelashwa kokushisa.
Ukuhlola Okungabhubhisi (NDT): Amaqhinga afana nokuhlola izinhlayiyana kazibuthe (MPI), ukuhlola kwe-dayi ye-penetrant (DPI), kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-X-ray asebenza kahle ekutholeni imifantu engaphezulu nendawo engaphansi.
Ukuhlaziywa kweMicrostructural: Ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwe-microstructure usebenzisa i-optical microscopy noma i-SEM ingakwazi ukubona izinguquko ezihlobene nokwelashwa kokushisa, njengokuguqulwa kwesigaba kanye nezici ze-microstructural ezibangelwa ukucindezeleka.
Ukuvimbela Imifantu Yokwelapha Ukushisa:
Ukupholisa okulawulwayo: Ukusebenzisa amazinga okupholisa alawulwayo, njengokucisha kancane kancane noma ukusetshenziswa kokucisha izinyathelo, kunganciphisa ukucindezeleka okushisayo futhi kunciphise ingozi yokuqhekeka.
Ukuqeda Ingcindezi: Izinqubo zokwelashwa kwangemva kokushisa njengokufudumeza noma ukuthulisa zingadambisa izingcindezi ezisalelayo futhi zizinzise i-microstructure.
Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Ezibalulekile: Ukusebenzisa izinto ezinezici ze-alloying ezifanele kanye nezakhiwo zokusanhlamvu kungathuthukisa ukumelana nokuqhekeka. Isibonelo, ama-coarse-grained steels ngokuvamile amelana kakhulu nemifantu yokwelashwa kokushisa kunezinsimbi ezisanhlamvu.
Ukuthuthukisa Inqubo: Ukulawula ngokucophelela imingcele yokwelapha ukushisa, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa, isikhathi, nendawo yokupholisa, kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi bokuqhekeka. Ukwengamela kanye nokulungisa le mingcele ngokusekelwe ekuphenduleni kwezinto ezibonakalayo kungasiza ukuzuza izakhiwo ezifiselekayo ngaphandle kokwenza imifantu.
- Ama-Raw Material Cracks
Imifantu yezinto ezingahluziwe yiziphambeko zemvelo ezivela ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhiqiza impahla. Lokhu kuqhekeka kungathinta kakhulu ubuqotho nokusebenza komkhiqizo wokugcina, kwenze ukukhonjwa nokuqonda kwabo kubaluleke kakhulu kubunjiniyela bezinto.
Izici:
Ukubukeka: Ivamise umugqa futhi inganwebeka kuyo yonke inqwaba yezinto. Le mifantu ingaba yi-microscopic kanye ne-macroscopic, kuye ngemvelaphi yayo kanye nobukhulu bamaphutha.
Indawo: Itholakala phezulu noma ishumekwe ngaphakathi kwempahla eluhlaza. Imifantu engaphezulu ibonakala kalula, kuyilapho imifantu yangaphakathi idinga amasu okuhlola ayinkimbinkimbi.
Umumo: I-orientation ivame ukuba ngokungahleliwe kodwa ingaqondana nesiqondiso sokugeleza kwempahla phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza.
Ibangela Ukuqhekeka Kwempahla:
Ukufakwa: Ukuba khona kwe-non-metallic inclusions njengama-oxides, ama-sulfides, noma ama-silicates kungadala ukugxila kokucindezeleka, okuholela ekwakhekeni kokuqhekeka ngesikhathi sokucubungula okulandelayo.
Ukuhlukaniswa: I-Chemical inhomogeneities, ebangelwa ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwezakhi ze-alloying ngesikhathi sokuqina, kudala izindawo ezibuthakathaka ezisengozini yokuqhekeka.
Ukulimala Kokusakaza: Izinkinga ezifana nokushwabana kwezimbotshana, ukubola kwegesi, namazinga okupholisa angafanele ngesikhathi senqubo yokuphonsa zingase zethule imifantu.
Ukuqina Komsebenzi: Ukusebenza kwemishini kokuqala kwempahla eluhlaza, uma kungalawulwa ngokwanele, kungabangela ukuqina komsebenzi owedlulele kanye nokuqhekeka okulandelayo.
Ukukhonjwa kwama-Raw Material Cracks:
Ukuhlaziywa Kwezakhiwo Ezincane: Ukuhlolwa kwe-Microscopic kwembula okufakiwe, amaphethini okuhlukanisa, kanye nokukhubazeka kokukhipha.
Ukuhlola Okungabhubhisi (NDT): Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ultrasonic kanye ne-radiography izindlela ezisebenzayo zokuthola imifantu yangaphakathi.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwamakhemikhali: I-Spectrometry namanye amasu okuhlaziya amakhemikhali angakwazi ukukhomba ama-inhomogeneities e-compositional anomthelela ekwakhekeni kokuqhekeka.
Ukuqonda imifantu yezinto ezingavuthiwe kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi nokuthembeka kwemikhiqizo yokugcina ezinhlelweni ezihlukene zezimboni.
Isiphetho
Ukufakela, ukwelashwa kokushisa, kanye nokuqhekeka kwempahla eluhlaza kuphakathi kwemifantu evame kakhulu embonini yokukhiqiza insimbi. Zithinta kakhulu izinga lemikhiqizo yokugcina; ngakho-ke, ukuzibona kanye nokuvinjelwa kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni kwekhwalithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda lo mehluko kusiza ukuhlonza izimbangela zokwehluleka nokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezifanele zokulungisa ukuvimbela ukuphindeka ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza zesikhathi esizayo.