Njengoba umhlaba we-metallurgy uqhubeka nokuvela, ukwazi ubuciko bokwenza insimbi engagqwali kusalokhu kuyikhono elibalulekile. Le nto eqinile, edume ngamandla ayo, ukuqina, nokumelana nokugqwala, iyisisekelo sezimboni ezihlukahlukene - kusukela kwezokwakha kuye emkhathini. Kodwa ngempela siyilolonga kanjani le ngxubevange ehlukahlukene ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zethu ezithile? Impendulo ilele kunqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokwenza umgunyathi.
Izitoreji Eziyinhloko
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Izinqubo zokubumba zensimbi engagqwali zithuthukisa amandla emvelo wento esebenzayo, okuhlanganisa ukumelana nokugqwala nokuzinza kwemishini, iyenze ifanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene njengasezimbonini zezimoto, ze-aerospace, nezamandla.
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Ukukhetha izinga elilungile lensimbi elifana nochungechunge lwama-300 noma angu-400, nokushisa okuliphatha ngezinqubo ezifana nokucisha noma ukudonsa amanzi kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe izici ezifiselekayo mayelana nokumelana nokugqwala, amandla aqinile, nokuqina.
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Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okubandakanya ukuhlola, ukuhlola ngokuya ngamazinga afana ne-ASTM A182, nokuzivumelanisa nezinto ezintsha kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho nokusebenza kwemikhiqizo yensimbi engagqwali efojiwe.
Ukuqonda Stainless Steel Forging
Insimbi engagqwali iyingxubevange yensimbi nezinye izakhi, ngokuyinhloko i-chromium, eyinikeza ukumelana okuphezulu nokugqwala uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engenalutho noma insimbi. Igcina izinto ezibonakalayo ezifanayo njengensimbi, nokho inikeza inzuzo yokumelana nokugqwala, ikwenze kube ukukhetha okungabizi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-alloys amelana nokugqwala.
Amandla engqimba ye-oxide evikelayo, ukugqwala nokumelana nokushisa, kanye nezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zemishini yensimbi engagqwali kuthonywa isilinganiso sensimbi kwezinye izinto eziku-alloy. Lolu lwazi luthinta kakhulu ukusebenza komkhiqizo wensimbi engagqwali.
Inqubo Yokuqamba
Inqubo yokwenza insimbi engagqwali ihlanganisa lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
1, Ukushisa i-billet yensimbi engagqwali
2, Ukubeka i-billet endaweni yokufa
3, Ukusebenzisa amandla acindezelayo ukuze ulolonge i-billet
4. Ukwenza indawo yangaphakathi nengaphandle usebenzisa i-broach
Lezi zindlela zisetshenziselwa ukubumba insimbi engagqwali ibe amafomu afunwayo.
I-Impression-die forging ingenye indlela esetshenziswayo, lapho ukucindezela okuphezulu kusetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela ucezu lwensimbi ukugcwalisa umgodi wokufa, ukubumba izinto zibe yifomu elifiswayo. Le nqubo ingasetshenziswa kumamaki ajwayelekile ensimbi engagqwali kuye ngohlelo oluthile kanye nezakhiwo ezifiswayo.
Izinzuzo Zezinsimbi Ezingagqwali ezakhiwe
Ukuqamba kuthuthukisa amandla amaningi ensimbi engagqwali ngokuthi:
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Ukukhipha i-voids yangaphakathi/amaphakethe egesi
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Ukuqinisekisa ukufana kwamakhemikhali okuphezulu
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Ukuqinisa amandla esakhiwo
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Ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini kanye nesakhiwo sokusanhlamvu
Lokhu kubangela impahla enamandla futhi enokwethenjelwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokubumba ithuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali. Lokhu akufinyelelwa kuphela ngokuthuthukisa amandla kanye nokuzinza kwawo wonke kodwa futhi nezici zemvelo ezifana nokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu okunikezwa phakathi nenqubo yokubumba.
Izicelo ezivamile
Ukuguquguquka kwensimbi engagqwali efojiwe kuyivumela ukuthi isetshenziswe ezimbonini eziningi. Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa:
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Izitshalo zamandla
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Ukubhola ogwini
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Izitshalo zamandla elanga
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Izingxenye zokukhiqiza zamamitha amanzi noma amaphampu
Lezi yizibonelo ezimbalwa nje zalapho le nto esetshenziswayo ithola ukusebenza kwayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuphinde kudlulele embonini yezimoto, lapho isiza khona ekukhiqizeni izinto ezifana nama-crankshafts, ama-axles, amajoyinti nama-bearings. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emkhakheni we-aerospace, insimbi engagqwali ekhandiwe isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amafreyimu ezindiza, izinto zokumisa, nezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile zesakhiwo.
Izinto Ezibalulekile NamaBanga E-Stainless Steel Forging
Mayelana nokukhandwa kwensimbi engagqwali, kubalulekile ukuqonda izinto ezibalulekile namamaki. Izinhlobonhlobo zamamaki ensimbi engagqwali zivame ukusetshenziswa, kusukela ku-300 uchungechunge olufana no-303, 304/304L, 316/316L, kuya ku-400 uchungechunge olufana no-410, 420, 440C, ngisho nemvula eyenza lukhuni insimbi engagqwali efana ne-PH17-4. Ibanga ngalinye linikeza izakhiwo ezithile kanye nezinzuzo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene.
Lawa mabanga ensimbi engagqwali anezakhiwo ezihlukile eziwenza afanelekele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene. Ezinye zalezi zakhiwo zihlanganisa:
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Amandla
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Ukuphakanyiswa
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Ukumelene nokushisa
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amandla eqine
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ukuqina
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Ukumelana kwezinga lokushisa
Ukuzinza
Isibonelo, i-304(L) insimbi engagqwali ibonisa ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle ezindaweni ezihlukene kanye nezakhiwo eziqinile zokuqina emazingeni okushisa akhona naphansi.
Ngokufanayo, insimbi engagqwali engu-316 inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuqinile, kuyilapho u-316L, njengebanga elingeziwe lekhabhoni ephansi, inciphisa amathuba okuba nemvula ye-carbide ngesikhathi sokushisela.
Ukukhetha Ibanga Elilungile
Ukukhetha izinga elifanele lensimbi engagqwali lezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwesikhathi eside kanye nokwandisa izindleko. Ukukhetha kusekelwe ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ezifana nalezi:
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Ukumelene nokushisa
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amandla eqine
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Ductility
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ubunzima
Ukufanekisa, izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic, ezifana Nohlobo 316 olunokwengezwa kwe-molybdenum, zivame ukukhethwa ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala okukhethekile, okuhlanganisa ukumelana ne-chloride. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-martensitic zinikeza izakhiwo ezahlukene ezingase zilungele ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda amamaki ensimbi engagqwali afanelekile kanye nezinhlobo zokusetshenziswa okuthile nendawo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe imiphumela ehlala njalo kanye nokukhulisa ukonga kwezindleko.
Ukulungiselela Izinto
Ngaphambi kwenqubo yokubumba, insimbi engagqwali eluhlaza iyalungiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi iphezu komsebenzi. Izinga lezinto zokusetshenziswa lithinta kakhulu izinga lemikhiqizo yensimbi engagqwali eyenziwe ngomgunyathi. Izinto zokusetshenziswa zekhwalithi ephezulu zinomthelela kulokhu:
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Ukumelana nokugqwala okuthuthukisiwe
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amandla eqine
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Ukuzinza
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Ukumelana nokucindezela
Inqubo yokulungisa ibandakanya ukuhlanzwa kwensimbi engagqwali eluhlaza ukuze kuqedwe ukungcola kanye nokulungiswa kwamaphrofayili agingqiwe engot yensimbi uma ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali lisetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza. Kubalulekile ukucabangela amandla, ukuqina, kanye ne-ductility yezinto ukuze umelane namandla acindezelayo aphezulu ngesikhathi senqubo yokubumba.
Iqhaza Lokwelashwa Kokushisa Ekwenziweni Kwensimbi Engagqwali
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kuyingxenye yenqubo yokubumba insimbi engagqwali. Kuthonya izakhiwo zemishini yensimbi engagqwali efojiwe, njengoba izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwelapha ukushisa zinamandla okushintsha:
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ubulukhuni
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Ukuthamba
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Amandla
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Ductility
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ubunzima
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Ukumelene nokushisa
Le nqubo ihilela ukushisisa nokuncibilika kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa iningi lensimbi engagqwali nengxube yensimbi, okuholela ensimbi encibilikisiwe esithandweni sikagesi.
Kusetshenziswa izindlela eziningana zokwelapha ukushisa lapho kwakhiwa insimbi engagqwali. Lokhu kubandakanya:
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I-low-pressure carburizing
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Ukungcwatshwa kwegesi
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I-Carbon nitriding
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I-recrystallization annealing (ye-ferritic stainless steel forgings)
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Ukushisa nokushisa
Lezi izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokwelapha ukushisa, okuhlanganisa ukugoqa okushisayo, ukugoqa okubandayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesithando somlilo se-arc kagesi.
Ukuzuza Izakhiwo Zemishini Efiselekayo
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kubalulekile ekuzuzeni izici ezifiselekayo zemishini. Isibonelo, inqubo yokudonsa, ebandakanya imijikelezo yokushisisa nokupholisa elawulwayo, inganciphisa ubulukhuni namandla ensimbi engagqwali, ngamandla ehle njengoba izinga lokushisa le-anneal likhuphuka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucisha kushintsha ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana ensimbi evuthayo, kuthuthukise ubulukhuni bayo, amandla, nokungagugi. Iphinde ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwe-martensitic microstructure, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezakhiwo zemishini njengamandla okugcina eqinile.
Ukuvimbela i-Carbide Precipitation
Kuyadingeka ukuvimbela imvula ye-carbide phakathi nenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yomthelela wako omkhulu ekumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuqina kwensimbi.
Ukucisha kanye ne-annealing kubonwa njengamaqhinga asebenzayo okwelapha ukushisa okuvimbela imvula ye-carbide ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwensimbi engagqwali. Lezi zinqubo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni izakhiwo ezifiselekayo zemishini kanye nekhwalithi yensimbi ngokunciphisa ukwakheka kwama-carbides.
Izindlela Zokuqeda Zensimbi Engagqwali Efojiwe
Lapho sekuphothulwe inqubo yokubumba, insimbi engagqwali isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqedela. Ezinye zalezi zindlela zihlanganisa:
I-Acid noma i-sand etching
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Isihlahla se-Sand
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Ukugaya ibhande
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Ukushaya ibhande
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Ukupholisha ibhande
Indlela ngayinye inikeza izinzuzo nemiphumela ehlukene kuye ngohlelo oluthile.
Ukuqedwa kwendawo okuhlukahlukene kuba nomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwensimbi engagqwali efojiwe. Isibonelo, ukuqedwa okubushelelezi okutholakala ngezinqubo ezinjengokugaya noma ukupholishwa kungathuthukisa amandla okukhathala, kunciphise izindawo zokugxilisa ingqondo, futhi kukhuphule ukumelana nokugqwala.
I-Surface Finishes kanye Nomphumela Wazo
Ukuqedwa kwe-Surface kuthonya kakhulu izakhiwo nokusebenza kwe imikhiqizo yensimbi engagqwali eyenziwe ngomgunyathi. Angaba nomthelela:
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Ukuziphatha kokukhathala
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Amandla
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Ukuthembeka
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Amandla okubekezelela izimo ezengeziwe zangaphezulu.
Ukwenza ukucwebezela okungaphezulu, ngokwesibonelo, kungathuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala ngokunciphisa ukuba khona kwezimbotshana nama-microcracks okungenwa kalula ukugqwala kwemigodi. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo lokuqedwa kwangaphezulu lunomthelela omkhulu ekumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali eyenziwe ngomgunyathi.
Izinqubo zangemva kokuqamba
Ngemuva kokubumba nokuqeda, insimbi engagqwali idlula izinqubo ezimbalwa zokubumba. Ukucwengwa kokugeleza kokusanhlamvu ezinqubweni zangemuva kokubumba kunomthelela omkhulu ezimpahleni zensimbi engagqwali, njengoba kuthuthukisa amandla ayo, kuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini, futhi kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala.
Izinqubo ezifana nokwenza imishini, ikakhulukazi ukugaya, zibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekubunjweni kwangemuva kwensimbi engagqwali. Ngalesi nqubo, yomibili imishini ye-hydraulic kanye nemishini isetshenziswa ukubumba impahla ibe sesimweni sayo sokugcina.
Ukuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi Kumikhiqizo Yensimbi Engagqwali Efojiwe
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokwenza insimbi engagqwali. Iqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ngokuhlola okuphelele nezinqubo zokuhlola.
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi nokuhlola kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi iqoqo ngalinye lensimbi engagqwali liyahlangabezana nokucaciswa okufunayo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu njengoba kuqinisekisa ukuthi abakhiqizi bathobela izindinganiso zemboni futhi benza izinto zokwakha zekhwalithi ephezulu, ezinamandla aphakeme, izakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zemishini, kanye nokuqina okuqinile kokubola.
Ukuhlola Nokuhlola
Ukuhlola nokuhlola kuyizinqubo ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yensimbi engenasici. Ukuhlolwa kokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kunokubaluleka okukhulu njengoba:
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Iqinisekisa ukukalwa nokuhlolwa kwamapharamitha aguquguqukayo ekukhiqizeni nobukhulu
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Iqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwensimbi kuhlangabezana namazinga acacisiwe
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Iqinisekisa iphesenti le-alloying
Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlola nokuhlola ezisetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwensimbi engagqwali zihlanganisa:
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Ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic
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Ukuhlolwa kwezinhlayiyana zikamagnetic
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Ukuhlolwa kwe-Metallurgical
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Ukuhlolwa kokuqina
Izindlela ze-NDT ezifana nokuhlola okubukwayo nokuhlola ukungena okuwuketshezi.
Izitifiketi Namazinga
Izitifiketi namazinga embonini kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yensimbi engagqwali efojiwe. Baqinisekisa ukuthi abakhiqizi bathobela izindinganiso zemboni futhi benza izinto zokwakha zekhwalithi ephezulu, ezinamandla aphakeme, izakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zemishini, kanye nokuqina okuqinile kokubola.
Izitifiketi eziyinhloko zokubumba insimbi engagqwali zihlanganisa isitifiketi se-ABS kanye nokubambelela kumazinga afana ne-ASTM A182 ne-ASME B16.11. Inqubo eqondile yemikhiqizo yensimbi engagqwali eyenziwe ngomgunyathi ihlanganisa i-ASTM A788/A788M, ehlukanisa inqubo yokwenza ngokwezinga lokushisa, kanye ne-ASTM A182, ehlanganisa ipayipi lensimbi engagqwali, ukufakwa kwamapayipi, kanye nezingxenye ze-alloy eziphansi ezakhiwe zezinhlelo zengcindezi.
Amasu amasha namathrendi ku-Stainless Steel Forging
Ukuqamba okusha kuthuthukisa imboni yokubumba insimbi engagqwali, ngokukhiqizwa kwensimbi engagqwali kudlala indima ebalulekile. Intuthuko yakamuva ihlanganisa ucwaningo oluqhubekayo nokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, ngokulindela ukuveza inqubekelaphambili eyengeziwe kuma-alloys ensimbi engagqwali njenge-13-8PH yensimbi engagqwali.
Umthelela walokhu okuqanjwa kabusha ungalinganiswa ngokuhlolwa kokusebenza kwemvelo kwemikhiqizo engumgunyathi kanye nokuhlaziywa komehluko wamandla phakathi kwamamodeli ahlukahlukene wokuqamba. Le ntuthuko ibonisa izikhathi ezijabulisayo ezizayo embonini, ethembisa ngisho nemikhiqizo yensimbi engenasici eqinile futhi esebenza ngempumelelo esikhathini esizayo.
Isifinyezo
Sengiphetha, ukwazi ubuciko bokubumba insimbi engagqwali kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ozuzisayo. Kusukela ekuqondeni izinto zokwakha, izinqubo, namabanga ahilelekile, kuya ekuqinisekiseni ikhwalithi ngokuhlola, ukuhlola, nokunamathela kumazinga, kunezinto eziningi okufanele zicatshangelwe. Inqubo yokubumba ngokwayo, ethuthukiswa ukwelashwa kokushisa nezindlela zokuqeda, isivumela ukuthi silolonge le alloy enemisebenzi eminingi ibe yimikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezidingo zethu ezithile.
Njengoba sibheke esikhathini esizayo, emisha eqhubekayo ye I-CXIN Forging Technology uthembisa ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuphusha imingcele yalokho esingakuzuza ngokubumba insimbi engagqwali. Njengoba siqhubeka nokucwenga amakhono ethu nolwazi kulo mkhakha, akungabazeki ukuthi izicelo ezingaba khona zalokhu kwaziswa okuqinile nokuguquguqukayo kuzoqhubeka nokukhula.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Ungakwazi ukubumba ngensimbi engagqwali?
Yebo, ungakha ngensimbi engagqwali, njengoba inokushisa okuhle kakhulu futhi imelana nokugqwala. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziselwa ukufoja zihlanganisa 304/304L, 316/316L, kanye nensimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic.
Ingakanani izinga lokushisa elidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe insimbi engagqwali?
Ukuze wenze insimbi engagqwali, izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kuka-930 °C (1700 °F) liyadingeka, njengoba izinsimbi eziningi ezingenasici ze-austenitic zingakhiwa ngaphakathi kwalolu hlu.
Ingabe abakhandi bensimbi basebenzisa insimbi engagqwali?
Yebo, abakhandi bensimbi basebenzisa insimbi engagqwali, kanye nensimbi ethambile ne-carbon steel, emsebenzini wabo. Insimbi engagqwali ingenye yezinhlobo eziyinhloko zensimbi ezisetshenziswa abakhandi bensimbi.
Yenziwa kanjani insimbi engagqwali?
Insimbi engagqwali ikhiqizwa esithandweni sikagesi se-arc, lapho ama-electrode ekhabhoni ehlangana khona nezinsalela ezingenasici ezigaywe kabusha nama-alloys ahlukahlukene e-chromium, nickel, molybdenum, nokunye, kuye ngohlobo lwensimbi engagqwali.
Kungani kubalulekile ukwelashwa kokushisa ekwenziweni kwensimbi engagqwali?
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kubalulekile ekwenziweni kwensimbi engagqwali ngoba kuthonya izakhiwo zensimbi, kuguqule ubulukhuni bayo, ukuthamba, nezinye izici ezibalulekile.